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In Canada, people tend to view marriage as a choice between two people, based on mutual feelings of love. The Parisian Roland Barthes disdainfully referred to this as “the hasty stocking up” of a “more mechanical civilization” (Barthes 1977).Īlmost every human behaviour, from shopping to marriage to expressions of feelings, is learned.
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In the Canada, the majority of people shop once a week at supermarkets, filling large carts to the brim. In modern-day Paris, many people shop daily at outdoor markets to pick up what they need for their evening meal, buying cheese, meat, and vegetables from different specialty stalls. Living together, people form common habits and behaviours-from specific methods of childrearing to preferred techniques for obtaining food. Since the dawn of Homo sapiens nearly 250,000 years ago, people have grouped together into communities in order to survive. A final discussion touches on the different theoretical perspectives from which sociologists research culture. In this chapter, we examine the relationship between culture and society in greater detail, paying special attention to the elements and forces that shape culture, including diversity and cultural changes. Neither society nor culture could exist without the other. To clarify, a culture represents the beliefs, practices and artifacts of a group, while society represents the social structures and organization of the people who share those beliefs and practices. By “territory,” sociologists refer to a definable region-as small as a neighbourhood (e.g., East Vancouver or “the west side of town”), as large as a country (e.g., Ethiopia, Canada, or Nepal), or somewhere in between (in Canada, this might include someone who identifies with the West Coast, the Prairies, or Atlantic Canada). A society describes a group of people who share a common territory and a culture. In everyday conversation, people rarely distinguish between the terms “culture” and “society,” but the terms have slightly different meanings, and the distinction is important to a sociologist. Sociological analysis can be applied to every expression of culture, from sporting events to holidays, from education to transportation, from fashion to etiquette. Everything about a chain restaurant reflects culture, the beliefs and behaviours that a social group shares. They examine the extensive, detailed physicality of fast food: the food itself, wrappers, bags, trays, those tiny ketchup packets, the tables and chairs, and even the restaurant building. People have written entire books analyzing the significance of fast food customs. Chances are, you will elicit hostile responses from the restaurant employees and your fellow customers. Or throw your trash on the ground as you leave. Ask to have your meal served to you at your table. (You would be doing what sociologists call ethnomethodology: deliberately disrupting social norms in order to learn about them.) For example, call ahead for reservations, ask the cashier detailed questions about the food’s ingredients or how it is prepared. If you want more insight into these unwritten rules, think about what would happen if you behaved according to some other standards. Customers’ movement through this fast food routine is orderly and predictable, even if no rules are posted and no officials direct the process. After a quick meal, customers wad up their paper wrappers and toss them into garbage cans. They stand in line, pick items from the colourful menus, swipe debit cards to pay, and wait to collect trays of food.
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